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calibration/imu_lidar/joint_optimizer.py
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"""Joint extrinsic refinement: Phase-A rotation factors + Phase-C SE(3) IMU factors."""
from __future__ import annotations
from dataclasses import dataclass
import numpy as np
from scipy.optimize import least_squares
from .contracts import ImuSeries, MotionPair
from .geometry import make_transform, orthonormalize_rotation, so3_exp, so3_log
from .imu_preintegration import (
apply_bias_jacobian_correction,
apply_constant_bias_correction,
preintegrate_gyro,
preintegration_rotation_residual,
residual_whiten_matrix,
)
from .observability import ObservabilityReport, analyze_observability
G_NORM = 9.80665
@dataclass(frozen=True)
class JointExtrinsicResult:
T_IMU_lidar: np.ndarray
translation_accepted: bool
residual_rms_rot_deg: float
residual_rms_trans_m: float
observability: ObservabilityReport
gyro_bias_rad_s: np.ndarray | None = None
accel_bias_m_s2: np.ndarray | None = None
gravity_m_s2: np.ndarray | None = None
notes: tuple[str, ...] = ()
def _pair_weight(pair: MotionPair) -> float:
weight = float(pair.metadata.get("weight", 1.0))
if not np.isfinite(weight) or weight <= 0:
return 1.0
return weight
def _pair_j_bg(pair: MotionPair) -> np.ndarray | None:
raw = pair.metadata.get("J_bg")
if raw is None:
return None
return np.asarray(raw, dtype=float).reshape(3, 3)
def _pair_cov(pair: MotionPair) -> np.ndarray:
raw = pair.metadata.get("cov")
if raw is None:
sigma = float(pair.metadata.get("preint_sigma_rad", 1e-2))
return np.eye(3) * max(sigma, 1e-4) ** 2
return np.asarray(raw, dtype=float).reshape(3, 3)
def _corrected_delta_r(
pair: MotionPair,
delta_bias: np.ndarray,
*,
imu: ImuSeries | None,
bias0: np.ndarray,
) -> np.ndarray:
j_bg = _pair_j_bg(pair)
if j_bg is not None:
return apply_bias_jacobian_correction(pair.R_A, j_bg, delta_bias)
if imu is not None and "t_i_imu_s" in pair.metadata and "t_j_imu_s" in pair.metadata:
preint = preintegrate_gyro(
imu.t_s,
imu.gyro_rad_s,
float(pair.metadata["t_i_imu_s"]),
float(pair.metadata["t_j_imu_s"]),
bias0 + delta_bias,
)
return preint.delta_R
duration = float(pair.metadata.get("duration_s", max(pair.t_j_s - pair.t_i_s, 1e-3)))
return apply_constant_bias_correction(pair.R_A, duration, delta_bias)
def _gravity_basis(g0: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
"""Return 3×2 orthonormal basis spanning the plane orthogonal to ``g0``."""
g = np.asarray(g0, dtype=float).reshape(3)
n = np.linalg.norm(g)
if n < 1e-9:
g = np.array([0.0, 0.0, -G_NORM])
n = G_NORM
g = g / n
axis = np.array([1.0, 0.0, 0.0]) if abs(g[0]) < 0.9 else np.array([0.0, 1.0, 0.0])
e1 = np.cross(g, axis)
e1 /= max(np.linalg.norm(e1), 1e-12)
e2 = np.cross(g, e1)
return np.column_stack([e1, e2])
def _gravity_from_params(xy: np.ndarray, g0: np.ndarray, basis: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
raw = np.asarray(g0, dtype=float).reshape(3) + basis @ np.asarray(xy, dtype=float).reshape(2)
n = float(np.linalg.norm(raw))
if n < 1e-9:
return np.asarray(g0, dtype=float).reshape(3)
return raw * (G_NORM / n)
def _lidar_to_imu_relative(r_x: np.ndarray, t_x: np.ndarray, r_b: np.ndarray, t_b: np.ndarray):
"""Map LiDAR relative pose to IMU: ``T_A = T_X T_B T_X^{-1}``."""
r_a = orthonormalize_rotation(r_x @ r_b @ r_x.T)
t_a = (np.eye(3) - r_a) @ t_x + r_x @ t_b
return r_a, t_a
def _corrected_preint_quantities(
pair: MotionPair,
bg_i: np.ndarray,
ba_i: np.ndarray,
bg0: np.ndarray,
ba0: np.ndarray,
) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray]:
"""First-order correct ΔR/Δv/Δp for keyframe biases vs preintegration biases."""
dbg = np.asarray(bg_i, dtype=float).reshape(3) - np.asarray(bg0, dtype=float).reshape(3)
dba = np.asarray(ba_i, dtype=float).reshape(3) - np.asarray(ba0, dtype=float).reshape(3)
j_bg = pair.metadata.get("J_bg9")
j_ba = pair.metadata.get("J_ba")
delta_v0 = np.asarray(pair.metadata.get("delta_v", [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]), dtype=float).reshape(3)
delta_p0 = (
np.asarray(pair.t_A_m, dtype=float).reshape(3)
if pair.t_A_m is not None
else np.asarray(pair.metadata.get("delta_p", [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]), dtype=float).reshape(3)
)
if j_bg is None or j_ba is None:
delta_r = apply_bias_jacobian_correction(
pair.R_A,
_pair_j_bg(pair) if _pair_j_bg(pair) is not None else np.zeros((3, 3)),
dbg,
)
return delta_r, delta_v0, delta_p0
j_bg_m = np.asarray(j_bg, dtype=float).reshape(9, 3)
j_ba_m = np.asarray(j_ba, dtype=float).reshape(9, 3)
delta_r = orthonormalize_rotation(pair.R_A @ so3_exp(j_bg_m[0:3] @ dbg))
delta_v = delta_v0 + j_bg_m[3:6] @ dbg + j_ba_m[3:6] @ dba
delta_p = delta_p0 + j_bg_m[6:9] @ dbg + j_ba_m[6:9] @ dba
return delta_r, delta_v, delta_p
def _build_nav_rotations(
keyframe_ids: list[int],
id_to_idx: dict[int, int],
consecutive_pairs: dict[tuple[int, int], MotionPair],
r_x: np.ndarray,
t_x: np.ndarray,
) -> list[np.ndarray]:
"""Chain IMU orientations; restart at session/gap boundaries (no cross-link)."""
del id_to_idx
rotations = [np.eye(3) for _ in keyframe_ids]
for k in range(len(keyframe_ids) - 1):
a = keyframe_ids[k]
b = keyframe_ids[k + 1]
pair = consecutive_pairs.get((a, b))
if pair is None:
# Missing link or new session: start a fresh nav chain.
rotations[k + 1] = np.eye(3)
continue
t_b = np.zeros(3) if pair.t_B_m is None else np.asarray(pair.t_B_m, dtype=float)
r_meas, _ = _lidar_to_imu_relative(r_x, t_x, pair.R_B, t_b)
rotations[k + 1] = orthonormalize_rotation(rotations[k] @ r_meas)
return rotations
def _solve_phase_c_se3(
pairs: list[MotionPair],
r_x: np.ndarray,
*,
gyro_bias0: np.ndarray,
gravity_init: np.ndarray,
sigma_bg_rw: float = 1.0e-5,
sigma_ba_rw: float = 1.0e-3,
t_init: np.ndarray | None = None,
t_prior: np.ndarray | None = None,
t_prior_sigma_m: np.ndarray | float | None = None,
) -> tuple[np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray, np.ndarray, float, float, list[str]]:
"""Keyframe IMU factor optimization for full SE(3)."""
notes: list[str] = []
usable = [pair for pair in pairs if pair.t_B_m is not None and "delta_v" in pair.metadata]
if len(usable) < 3:
notes.append("phase-C skipped: need pairs with full preintegration metadata")
t0 = np.zeros(3) if t_init is None else np.asarray(t_init, dtype=float).reshape(3)
return r_x, t0, gravity_init, gyro_bias0, np.zeros(3), 1e9, 1e9, notes
# Keyframes: group by session, sort each session by IMU time (no cross-session chain).
stamp: dict[int, float] = {}
kf_session: dict[int, str] = {}
for pair in usable:
stamp[pair.i] = float(pair.metadata.get("t_i_imu_s", pair.t_i_s))
stamp[pair.j] = float(pair.metadata.get("t_j_imu_s", pair.t_j_s))
kf_session[pair.i] = pair.session_id
kf_session[pair.j] = pair.session_id
session_ids = sorted(set(kf_session.values()))
keyframe_ids: list[int] = []
for sid in session_ids:
local = [kid for kid, sess in kf_session.items() if sess == sid]
local.sort(key=lambda kid: stamp[kid])
keyframe_ids.extend(local)
k_count = len(keyframe_ids)
id_to_idx = {kid: idx for idx, kid in enumerate(keyframe_ids)}
consecutive_pairs: dict[tuple[int, int], MotionPair] = {}
for pair in usable:
if kf_session.get(pair.i) != kf_session.get(pair.j):
continue
if id_to_idx[pair.j] == id_to_idx[pair.i] + 1:
consecutive_pairs[(pair.i, pair.j)] = pair
notes.append(
f"phase-C multi-session graph: sessions={len(session_ids)}, "
f"keyframes={k_count}, consecutive_links={len(consecutive_pairs)}"
)
g0 = np.asarray(gravity_init, dtype=float).reshape(3)
if np.linalg.norm(g0) < 1e-6:
g0 = np.array([0.0, 0.0, -G_NORM])
g0 = g0 * (G_NORM / max(np.linalg.norm(g0), 1e-9))
basis = _gravity_basis(g0)
ba0 = np.zeros(3)
bg0 = np.asarray(gyro_bias0, dtype=float).reshape(3)
# State: dθ(3), t(3), g_xy(2), v(3K), bg(3K), ba(3K)
n_v = 3 * k_count
n_b = 3 * k_count
dim = 3 + 3 + 2 + n_v + n_b + n_b
x0 = np.zeros(dim)
t0 = np.zeros(3) if t_init is None else np.asarray(t_init, dtype=float).reshape(3)
x0[3:6] = t0
t_prior_vec = None if t_prior is None else np.asarray(t_prior, dtype=float).reshape(3)
if t_prior_sigma_m is None:
t_sigma = np.array([0.05, 0.05, 0.05], dtype=float)
else:
t_sigma = np.asarray(t_prior_sigma_m, dtype=float).reshape(-1)
if t_sigma.size == 1:
t_sigma = np.full(3, float(t_sigma[0]), dtype=float)
# velocities start at 0; biases at prior
for idx in range(k_count):
x0[8 + n_v + 3 * idx : 8 + n_v + 3 * idx + 3] = bg0
whitened = []
for pair in usable:
cov9 = pair.metadata.get("cov9")
if cov9 is None:
cov = _pair_cov(pair)
cov9_m = np.eye(9)
cov9_m[0:3, 0:3] = cov
cov9_m[3:6, 3:6] = np.eye(3) * 0.25
cov9_m[6:9, 6:9] = np.eye(3) * 1.0
else:
cov9_m = np.asarray(cov9, dtype=float).reshape(9, 9)
whitened.append(residual_whiten_matrix(cov9_m))
def unpack(vec: np.ndarray):
r_opt = orthonormalize_rotation(so3_exp(vec[0:3]) @ r_x)
t_opt = vec[3:6]
g_opt = _gravity_from_params(vec[6:8], g0, basis)
base = 8
vels = vec[base : base + n_v].reshape(k_count, 3)
base += n_v
bgs = vec[base : base + n_b].reshape(k_count, 3)
base += n_b
bas = vec[base : base + n_b].reshape(k_count, 3)
return r_opt, t_opt, g_opt, vels, bgs, bas
def residuals(vec: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
r_opt, t_opt, g_opt, vels, bgs, bas = unpack(vec)
nav_r = _build_nav_rotations(keyframe_ids, id_to_idx, consecutive_pairs, r_opt, t_opt)
out: list[np.ndarray] = []
for pair, whiten in zip(usable, whitened):
i_idx = id_to_idx[pair.i]
j_idx = id_to_idx[pair.j]
dt = float(pair.metadata.get("duration_s", pair.t_j_s - pair.t_i_s))
dt = max(dt, 1e-3)
delta_r, delta_v, delta_p = _corrected_preint_quantities(
pair, bgs[i_idx], bas[i_idx], bg0, ba0
)
t_b = np.asarray(pair.t_B_m, dtype=float).reshape(3)
r_meas, t_meas = _lidar_to_imu_relative(r_opt, t_opt, pair.R_B, t_b)
r_i = nav_r[i_idx]
v_i = vels[i_idx]
v_j = vels[j_idx]
err_r = so3_log(delta_r.T @ r_meas)
err_v = v_j - v_i - g_opt * dt - r_i @ delta_v
err_p = r_i @ (t_meas - delta_p) - v_i * dt - 0.5 * g_opt * (dt**2)
err = np.concatenate([err_r, err_v, err_p])
w = np.sqrt(_pair_weight(pair))
out.append(w * (whiten @ err))
# Bias random-walk between consecutive keyframes (same session only).
for k in range(k_count - 1):
a = keyframe_ids[k]
b = keyframe_ids[k + 1]
if kf_session.get(a) != kf_session.get(b):
continue
dt = max(stamp[b] - stamp[a], 1e-3)
scale_g = 1.0 / (max(sigma_bg_rw, 1e-8) * np.sqrt(dt))
scale_a = 1.0 / (max(sigma_ba_rw, 1e-8) * np.sqrt(dt))
out.append(scale_g * (bgs[k + 1] - bgs[k]))
out.append(scale_a * (bas[k + 1] - bas[k]))
# Weak priors: first keyframe of each session + CAD/installation translation.
for sid in session_ids:
first = next(kid for kid in keyframe_ids if kf_session[kid] == sid)
idx0 = id_to_idx[first]
out.append(50.0 * (bgs[idx0] - bg0))
out.append(20.0 * bas[idx0])
if t_prior_vec is not None:
out.append((t_opt - t_prior_vec) / np.maximum(t_sigma, 1e-3))
else:
out.append(0.2 * t_opt) # soft |t|~0 prior when no CAD prior
return np.concatenate(out)
# Cap evaluations: Phase-C is high-dimensional; synthetic ICP already dominates runtime.
opt = least_squares(residuals, x0, loss="huber", f_scale=0.05, max_nfev=80)
r_opt, t_opt, g_opt, vels, bgs, bas = unpack(opt.x)
rot_errs = []
trans_errs = []
nav_r = _build_nav_rotations(keyframe_ids, id_to_idx, consecutive_pairs, r_opt, t_opt)
for pair in usable:
i_idx = id_to_idx[pair.i]
j_idx = id_to_idx[pair.j]
dt = max(float(pair.metadata.get("duration_s", pair.t_j_s - pair.t_i_s)), 1e-3)
delta_r, delta_v, delta_p = _corrected_preint_quantities(
pair, bgs[i_idx], bas[i_idx], bg0, ba0
)
t_b = np.asarray(pair.t_B_m, dtype=float).reshape(3)
r_meas, t_meas = _lidar_to_imu_relative(r_opt, t_opt, pair.R_B, t_b)
r_i = nav_r[i_idx]
err_r = so3_log(delta_r.T @ r_meas)
err_p = r_i @ (t_meas - delta_p) - vels[i_idx] * dt - 0.5 * g_opt * (dt**2)
rot_errs.append(np.degrees(np.linalg.norm(err_r)))
trans_errs.append(float(np.linalg.norm(err_p)))
del delta_v, j_idx
rot_rms = float(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(rot_errs)))) if rot_errs else 1e9
trans_rms = float(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(trans_errs)))) if trans_errs else 1e9
bg_mean = np.mean(bgs, axis=0)
ba_mean = np.mean(bas, axis=0)
notes.append(
"phase-C SE3 (Δv/Δp + g + keyframe v/bias RW): "
f"keyframes={k_count}, pairs={len(usable)}, "
f"|t|={float(np.linalg.norm(t_opt)):.3f} m, "
f"|g|={float(np.linalg.norm(g_opt)):.3f}, "
f"trans_rms={trans_rms:.3f} m"
)
return r_opt, t_opt, g_opt, bg_mean, ba_mean, rot_rms, trans_rms, notes
def solve_joint_extrinsic(
pairs: list[MotionPair] | tuple[MotionPair, ...],
r_x: np.ndarray,
*,
force_rotation_only: bool = False,
imu: ImuSeries | None = None,
delta_t_s: float = 0.0,
gyro_bias_rad_s: np.ndarray | None = None,
gravity_init_m_s2: np.ndarray | None = None,
bias_prior_sigma_rad_s: float = 0.02,
enable_phase_c: bool | None = None,
t_init_m: np.ndarray | None = None,
t_prior_m: np.ndarray | None = None,
t_prior_sigma_m: np.ndarray | float | None = None,
) -> JointExtrinsicResult:
"""Refine extrinsic using Phase-A whitened rotation factors, optional Phase-C SE(3)."""
del delta_t_s # reserved for future SE(3) time coupling
if enable_phase_c is None:
enable_phase_c = not force_rotation_only
usable = [pair for pair in pairs if pair.t_B_m is not None]
observability = analyze_observability(usable, r_x)
notes = list(observability.notes)
r = orthonormalize_rotation(np.asarray(r_x, dtype=float))
bias0 = np.zeros(3) if gyro_bias_rad_s is None else np.asarray(gyro_bias_rad_s, dtype=float).reshape(3)
t_seed = None if t_init_m is None else np.asarray(t_init_m, dtype=float).reshape(3)
weights = np.asarray([_pair_weight(pair) for pair in usable], dtype=float)
whitens = [residual_whiten_matrix(_pair_cov(pair)) for pair in usable]
prior_w = 1.0 / max(bias_prior_sigma_rad_s, 1e-4)
def rotation_residuals(r_opt: np.ndarray, delta_bias: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
residuals = []
for pair, weight, whiten in zip(usable, weights, whitens):
delta_r = _corrected_delta_r(pair, delta_bias, imu=imu, bias0=bias0)
err = preintegration_rotation_residual(delta_r, r_opt, pair.R_B)
residuals.append(np.sqrt(weight) * (whiten @ err))
residuals.append(prior_w * delta_bias)
return np.concatenate(residuals) if residuals else np.zeros(0)
def residual_rot_bias(vec: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
r_opt = orthonormalize_rotation(so3_exp(vec[:3]) @ r)
return rotation_residuals(r_opt, vec[3:])
if usable:
opt = least_squares(
residual_rot_bias,
np.zeros(6),
loss="huber",
f_scale=np.deg2rad(1.0),
max_nfev=200,
)
r = orthonormalize_rotation(so3_exp(opt.x[:3]) @ r)
delta_bias = opt.x[3:]
bias_out = bias0 + delta_bias
notes.append(
"phase-A joint refine (Σ-whitened + J_bg): "
f"|δb|={float(np.linalg.norm(delta_bias)):.3e} rad/s, "
f"weighted pairs={len(usable)}"
)
else:
bias_out = bias0
delta_bias = np.zeros(3)
notes.append("no pairs for joint refine")
rot_errs = []
for pair in usable:
delta_r = _corrected_delta_r(pair, delta_bias, imu=imu, bias0=bias0)
err = preintegration_rotation_residual(delta_r, r, pair.R_B)
rot_errs.append(np.degrees(np.linalg.norm(err)))
rot_rms = float(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(rot_errs)))) if rot_errs else 1e9
t = np.zeros(3) if t_seed is None else t_seed.copy()
translation_accepted = False
trans_rms = 1e9
gravity_out: np.ndarray | None = None
accel_bias_out: np.ndarray | None = None
if gravity_init_m_s2 is None:
gravity_init = np.array([0.0, 0.0, -G_NORM])
else:
gravity_init = np.asarray(gravity_init_m_s2, dtype=float).reshape(3)
if t_prior_m is not None:
notes.append(
"using CAD/installation translation prior "
f"t={np.asarray(t_prior_m, dtype=float).reshape(3).tolist()}"
)
if (
enable_phase_c
and not force_rotation_only
and observability.translation_observable
and observability.rotation_observable
and len(usable) >= 5
):
r, t, gravity_out, bias_out, accel_bias_out, rot_rms, trans_rms, c_notes = _solve_phase_c_se3(
usable,
r,
gyro_bias0=bias_out,
gravity_init=gravity_init,
t_init=t_seed if t_seed is not None else t_prior_m,
t_prior=t_prior_m,
t_prior_sigma_m=t_prior_sigma_m,
)
notes.extend(c_notes)
translation_accepted = bool(trans_rms < 0.75 and np.linalg.norm(t) > 1e-4)
if not translation_accepted:
# Prefer CAD prior over silent zero when motion SE3 is rejected.
if t_prior_m is not None:
t = np.asarray(t_prior_m, dtype=float).reshape(3)
translation_accepted = True
notes.append(
"phase-C translation residual/gate failed; keeping CAD translation prior"
)
else:
notes.append("phase-C translation residual/gate failed; keeping translation at zero")
t = np.zeros(3)
elif (
not force_rotation_only
and observability.translation_observable
and observability.rotation_observable
and len(usable) >= 5
):
# Legacy hand-eye translation fallback when Phase-C metadata missing.
def residual_se3(vec: np.ndarray) -> np.ndarray:
r_opt = orthonormalize_rotation(so3_exp(vec[:3]) @ r)
t_opt = vec[3:]
residuals = []
for pair, weight, whiten in zip(usable, weights, whitens):
delta_r = _corrected_delta_r(pair, delta_bias, imu=imu, bias0=bias0)
residuals.append(
np.sqrt(weight) * (whiten @ preintegration_rotation_residual(delta_r, r_opt, pair.R_B))
)
pred = (pair.R_A - np.eye(3)) @ t_opt
meas = r_opt @ np.asarray(pair.t_B_m, dtype=float)
residuals.append(np.sqrt(weight) * (pred - meas))
if t_prior_m is not None:
sigma = np.asarray(t_prior_sigma_m if t_prior_sigma_m is not None else 0.05, dtype=float)
if sigma.size == 1:
sigma = np.full(3, float(sigma), dtype=float)
residuals.append((t_opt - np.asarray(t_prior_m, dtype=float).reshape(3)) / np.maximum(sigma, 1e-3))
return np.concatenate(residuals)
x_se3 = np.zeros(6)
if t_seed is not None:
x_se3[3:] = t_seed
elif t_prior_m is not None:
x_se3[3:] = np.asarray(t_prior_m, dtype=float).reshape(3)
opt_t = least_squares(residual_se3, x_se3, loss="huber", f_scale=0.05, max_nfev=200)
r = orthonormalize_rotation(so3_exp(opt_t.x[:3]) @ r)
t = opt_t.x[3:]
rot_errs = []
trans_errs = []
for pair in usable:
delta_r = _corrected_delta_r(pair, delta_bias, imu=imu, bias0=bias0)
rot_errs.append(np.degrees(np.linalg.norm(preintegration_rotation_residual(delta_r, r, pair.R_B))))
pred = (pair.R_A - np.eye(3)) @ t
meas = r @ np.asarray(pair.t_B_m, dtype=float)
trans_errs.append(np.linalg.norm(pred - meas))
rot_rms = float(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(rot_errs))))
trans_rms = float(np.sqrt(np.mean(np.square(trans_errs))))
translation_accepted = trans_rms < 0.5 or t_prior_m is not None
notes.append(f"legacy translation refine rms={trans_rms:.3f} m")
if not translation_accepted:
notes.append("translation residual too large; keeping translation at zero")
t = np.zeros(3)
elif not force_rotation_only and t_prior_m is not None:
t = np.asarray(t_prior_m, dtype=float).reshape(3)
translation_accepted = True
notes.append("SE3 motion solve gated off; using CAD translation prior with refined rotation")
else:
notes.append("rotation-only extrinsic returned (phase-A; phase-C SE3 gated off)")
return JointExtrinsicResult(
T_IMU_lidar=make_transform(t, r),
translation_accepted=bool(translation_accepted and np.linalg.norm(t) > 0),
residual_rms_rot_deg=rot_rms,
residual_rms_trans_m=0.0 if not translation_accepted else trans_rms,
observability=observability,
gyro_bias_rad_s=np.asarray(bias_out, dtype=float),
accel_bias_m_s2=None if accel_bias_out is None else np.asarray(accel_bias_out, dtype=float),
gravity_m_s2=None if gravity_out is None else np.asarray(gravity_out, dtype=float),
notes=tuple(notes),
)